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                  <text>Letters to the Duchess de Crui </text>
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                  <text>Sydney Covitz </text>
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              <text>"Letters from the Duchess de Crui and Others, on Subjects Moral and Entertaining, Wherein the Character of the Female Sex, with Their Rank, Importance, and Consequence, Is Stated, and Their Relative Duties in Life Are Enforced," commonly referred to as "Letters to the Duchess de Crui" or simply "Letters," is an epistolary novel originally published in five volumes. It was first published anonymously in 1776 in England. The second and third editions were published under Mary Walker's name in 1777 in England and 1779 in Dublin respectively. The novel was also translated into German in 1776 and French in 1782. &#13;
&#13;
For my experimental bibliography, I chose to display information about where, and when the novel was published as well as its intra and extradiagetic form. The pictures of letters and postal services items represent the epistolary nature of the novel. Additionally, critics often refer to "Letters" as a novel of ideas rather than plot. These ideas, or observations on human life, are bookended and framed within the context of letters, so I chose to frame my project within the bounds of modern, letter-related images. The letter with the name and address information crossed out signifies the anonymous publication of the first edition of Walker's work, and the dates and volume numbers for each early edition of the publication are inside an outline of the country in which they were published. There is also an image containing five of the originally published novels. Form is one of the most critical and core aspects central to any novel, and traditional bibliographies completely ignore that emphasis. Finally, next to the picture containing the priority mail sticker, I included a picture of the five volumes as they were published anonymously in 1776. </text>
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              <text>Critics in The Critical Review, an 18th century literary magazine that reviewed popular novels of the time, described how Walker's work used letters as a framework to expound anecdotes, bits of advice on how to live, and insights into human existence. I used pictures of letters and modern transportation of mail, to literally frame my experimental bibliography—depictions of information expounding conceptions about Walker's work. </text>
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              <text>In my experience of both making and reading descriptive bibliographies, what felt most lacking was not the feeling one gets after finishing a novel or even the aura and smell of opening it. Instead, I lost that moment of impression (and/or judgement), the sense one has of a work when one first encounters it. When people judged Munster village by its cover, what could that have been like? Was it immediately classed as an elitist text by its clean, sparse title page? Or, did it seem intriguing in its awareness of materiality? &#13;
Its interest in the white of the page and its intrigue in a place "Munster Village" (rather than the peoples we often see at the center of titles) may have equally generated curiosity and judgement, and it is this mix of feelings and impressions I searched for in my work on this bibliography. I wondered, what in more recent times evokes such questions of materiality, space, and authorship? Put more explicitly, how could I get into the mind of a denizen at Robson and Co's bookstore? Can one feel dumbstruck and denunciatory? &#13;
Additionally, descriptive bibliographies seemed to lack exactly what I hope to provoke through the juxtaposition of my 9 images. Concerned more with legibility, these text-based bibliographies seek to summarize the specifics of a novel's form so as to make the most "important" and "salient" elements of that form easily accessible. By placing novel title pages from the 1770s with Minimalist Art works from the 1960s, I intend to generate questions about materiality. Minimalism in the Art world of the 60s was a movement that self consciously sought to contrast the concern with authorship and subjectivity of its conceptual predecessor, Abstract Expressionism. Indeed, theartstory.org writes, "The new art favored the cool over the "dramatic": their sculptures were frequently fabricated from industrial materials and emphasized anonymity over the expressive excess of Abstract Expressionism." It is this intersection and tension between anonymity (as found through materiality) and the very idea novels began with, exemplarity. I am interested in how the novel, as a self consciously defined genre of fiction, reckons with this tension, not in its content but rather in its material form. &#13;
The final three images are headers from some of todays most popular blogs centered around our contemporary manifestation of minimalism (a life philosophy that--broadly put--seeks happiness through a decluttering, both figuratively and literally, of the lives made in consumerist societies, in which items and actions not offering immediate emotional or financial benefit are superfluous, and thus need be discarded). It is the most experimental part of my bibliography, but I was curious to see what question or thoughts such an odd juxtaposition could create. Despite the jumps in time, can we trace a line through these three sets of minimalism? Is their continuity in their concern for materiality? Is their continuity in their interest in exemplarity? &#13;
&#13;
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              <text>Three Sets of Minimalism in Three Centuries &#13;
&#13;
Sol LeWitt in "Paragraphs on Conceptual Art" (1967): "What the work of art looks like isn't too important. It has to look like something if it has physical form. No matter what form it may finally have it must begin with an idea. It is the process of conception and realization with which the artist is concerned.”&#13;
&#13;
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&lt;p&gt;The 1777 edition of &lt;em&gt;The Mutability of Human Life&lt;/em&gt; is notable in that it forgoes all front and back matter other than the title page, which is itself sparse, giving the reader very little information about the novel. A traditional bibliographic entry for this particular publication is incredibly dissonant with the novel's self-presentation, making it a key example of the failings of a traditional bibliography. Though the goal of this project is specifically &lt;em&gt;not&lt;/em&gt; to attempt to capture the "essence" of a particular novel, the simple presentation was meant to mirror that of &lt;em&gt;The Mutability of Human Life&lt;/em&gt;, resulting in a clean, focused, and easily accessible stream of information.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Upon loading the site, the user is prompted to enter a list of terms (given in a card at the bottom of the page) they are interested in. The requested information is then rendered in a parallax view, allowing the user to slowly walk through the page and take in each piece of information. Anything that can be expressed in two lines or less is rendered in one joint section at the top, and layouts which require more space are rendered below that. These layouts were carefully designed to be easy on the eyes; for example, the catalogues listed under &lt;em&gt;circulation&lt;/em&gt; are stored by city in a collapsible table, initially presenting the user with only a list of cities. At the bottom of the page, the user can edit the term list if they wish to see more or less information. The title of the novel and the source information remain constant regardless of user input.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Though some selection of what information to include is unavoidable, the idea behind this project is to make as much information as possible available to the user, including everything listed in a traditional bibliography and more. By allowing the user to filter only what they want to see, the tool avoids making claims about what the novel is, instead allowing the user to explore for themselves. (Note: Due to time restraints and the obscurity of the chosen novel, the actual project has a very limited amount of information available. Ideally, this would not be the case.)&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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              <text>My experimental bibliography does a few things. For one, it aims to represent the plot of the novel (a woman's literary ambition), which is inherently ignored in the traditional bibliography. On a deeper level, the gifs represent both Frances Brooke's experience as a female author and her relationship to her work. The gifs broadly represent a woman going through stages of the writing process, just as Frances Brooke must have when striving to publish The Excursion (and just like her protagonist does). Additionally, by superimposing the novel's text onto the gif's main character, I aim to represent the reciprocal relationship between Frances Brooke and her protagonist. Just as Frances Brooke's life and identity "defined" and "made up" her protagonist (the novel is somewhat autobiographical), any author's work defines them in turn (artists work are pieces of them, while they in turn are their art). Such broad context is lost in the traditional bibliographic format, and often forgotten during the reading experience.</text>
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              <text>The gifs in this experimental bibliography represent the general plot of the novel (in which the protagonist pursues her literary ambition) and the broader circumstances of The Excursion's creations (the trials that Frances Brooke and other authors--especially female authors--likely experienced in writing/publishing novels). In this way, the gifs force us to consider extratextual aspects of novel which we often fail to recognize.</text>
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              <text>&lt;h4&gt;Test it out &lt;a href="https://immense-sands-91976.herokuapp.com" target="_blank"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;, or take a look at the github repository&amp;nbsp;&lt;a href="https://github.com/PhelpsLaura/mutability-bibliography" target="_blank"&gt;here&lt;/a&gt;. Note: The site is running on a free server and may take a moment to start up.&lt;/h4&gt;</text>
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      <description>Original student work. Can include text, images, videos, and/or audio clips. If uploading multiple files, create a new Experimental Description Item for each.</description>
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          <description>Alternative text that is to be rendered when the element to which it is applied cannot be rendered. Also used by "screen reader" software.</description>
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              <text>Circulation Table opened to display London catalogs</text>
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          </elementTextContainer>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Fall 2017</text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
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                <text>Laura Phelps</text>
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        <src>https://riseofthenovel.swarthmore.edu/files/original/a6cc76afbb59a12c933739161c249c14.png</src>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>The Mutability of Human Life</text>
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          <description>Alternative text that is to be rendered when the element to which it is applied cannot be rendered. Also used by "screen reader" software.</description>
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              <text>Table of catalogs, by city</text>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Fall 2017</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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                  <text>The Excursion</text>
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                  <text>Frances Brooke</text>
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      <name>Traditional Description</name>
      <description>An HTML rendering of a novel’s Traditional Description. If a scan of the original traditional description exists, this should be uploaded as a file attachment.</description>
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          <description>Any textual data included in the document.</description>
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              <text>&lt;p&gt;[Brook, Frances.] THE EXCURSION. IN TWO VOLUMES. BY MRS. BROOKE; Author of the History of Lady Julia Mandeville, and of Emily Montague. London: T. Cadell, 1777.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Brooke, Frances.&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;THE&lt;/em&gt;|&lt;em&gt;&amp;nbsp;EXCURSION&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;|&lt;em&gt;&amp;nbsp;IN TWO VOLUMES.|&amp;nbsp;&lt;/em&gt;[40mm&amp;nbsp;]|&amp;nbsp;&lt;em&gt;BY MRS. BROOKE;| Author of the History of Lady Julia&lt;/em&gt;|&lt;em&gt;&amp;nbsp;Mandeville, and of Emily Montague&lt;/em&gt;.| Vol. I.| LONDON:| Printed for T. CADELL, in the STRAND| MDCCLXXVII. I 216p; II 270pp. 12mo.&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Contents&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Vol 1. A1r half title, A1v blank, B1r-K6v text. Vol II. A1r half title, A1v blank, A2r title, B1r-M6v text. &amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Notes&lt;/p&gt;&#13;
&lt;p&gt;Volume 1 sourced from British Library and accessed through Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale document number: CW3309241626. Volume 2 sourced from British Library and accessed through Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Gale document number: CW3309241842.&lt;/p&gt;</text>
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                <text>Fall 2017</text>
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              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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              <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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        <element elementId="88">
          <name>Image Alt Text</name>
          <description>Alternative text that is to be rendered when the element to which it is applied cannot be rendered. Also used by "screen reader" software.</description>
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              <text>Form for choosing what elements to display</text>
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          <name>Original Format</name>
          <description>If the image is of an object, state the type of object, such as painting, sculpture, paper, photo, and additional data</description>
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